10 Vitamins to Increase Your Fertility Chances

Fertility Health Guides and Reproductive Health Research Should I Take Vitamins to Help Get Pregnant? 10 Supplements to Consider

Woman smiling with a glass of water and vitamins she is taking to help get pregnant.

Starting a family is one of the most exciting chapters in your life — and you naturally want to give yourself the best possible foundation. Getting the right balance of vitamins and minerals plays a real role in your chances of a healthy pregnancy, but hitting those targets through diet alone? That can be surprisingly tough. This is where supplements come in.

So, what vitamins actually help you get pregnant? With so many options on the shelves, it can feel overwhelming at first — but we've got you covered. In this article, we'll walk you through some of the most effective supplements, explain why they matter for fertility, and share practical tips for working them into your daily routine.

 

Should I Take Vitamins to Increase Fertility?

Section Summary: Research suggests that targeted vitamin and mineral supplementation can support fertility in both women and men. Studies indicate that multivitamin use may help reduce the risk of ovulatory infertility in women, while specific nutrients like zinc, CoQ10, and vitamin C have been linked to improved sperm quality. A supplement-based approach ensures consistent nutrient intake that's difficult to achieve through diet alone.

If you're wondering whether vitamins can really make a difference while you're trying to conceive, you're asking the right question. Many vitamins and minerals play an important part in your overall health and wellness — and when you get a good range of them, you support your reproductive system and help prepare your body for a healthy pregnancy.

For women, research suggests that taking multivitamins could help reduce your chances of ovulatory infertility.1 This is when your body doesn't ovulate consistently during your monthly menstrual cycle — something more common than you might realize. 

And it's not just women who benefit here — vitamins matter for men, too. Certain nutrients have been shown to help improve sperm quality2, which can meaningfully increase your chances of conception. 

Can you get all of these vitamins from a balanced diet? In theory, yes — but in practice, you'll find it really tough. You'd need to track every meal carefully, and even then, gaps are common.

A daily vitamin supplement gives you a much simpler way to stay covered. You'll find them widely available over the counter and easy to take with meals — one less thing to worry about during an already busy time. 

Before you start any new supplement, it's always a good idea to chat with your healthcare provider. They can help you find the best options for your individual needs and flag any potential interactions with medications you may already be taking. 

 

Section Summary: Vitamin and mineral supplementation can support fertility for both partners. Multivitamins may reduce ovulatory infertility in women, while specific nutrients support sperm quality in men. Consult your healthcare provider before starting any supplement regimen.

What Are the 10 Best Vitamins and Supplements to Help You Get Pregnant?

Section Summary: The most evidence-supported fertility supplements include folic acid (400 mcg for neural tube defect prevention), CoQ10 (200–600 mg for egg and sperm quality), vitamin D (1,000–2,000 IU for hormone regulation), zinc (8–25 mg for hormone balance and sperm production), and iron (18 mg for ovulation support). A comprehensive prenatal multivitamin can provide many of these nutrients in a single daily dose.

These are two of the most common questions we hear from people who are trying to conceive: which vitamins should you actually be taking, and how will they help you with conception? 

The good news is that many vitamins support a healthy reproductive system and can genuinely help with fertility. As a bonus, they also support your overall wellbeing — helping your body fight off illness and supporting your energy throughout the day. 

One of the easiest ways to cover your bases is with a quality multivitamin supplement. These contain a blend of vitamins and minerals, so you can get the extra nutritional support you need in a single daily dose. 

For a fuller breakdown of how these vitamins fit into your wider supplementation plan for both partners, see our complete guide to fertility supplements.

Vitamin / Nutrient Primary Fertility Benefit Recommended Daily Dose For
Folic Acid / Folate Ovulation support; prevents neural tube defects 400 mcg (standard); 5 mg (high-risk) Both partners
CoQ10 Egg quality; sperm motility and count 200–600 mg Both partners
Vitamin D Hormone regulation; implantation support 1,000–2,000 IU Both partners
Vitamin B12 Ovulation regularity; sperm DNA integrity 2.4–1,000 mcg Both partners
Omega-3 (DHA/EPA) Egg quality; sperm morphology; reduces inflammation 1,000–2,000 mg Both partners
Zinc Hormone balance; sperm production and motility 8–25 mg Both partners
Iron Ovulation; egg development 18 mg Women
Selenium Antioxidant protection; sperm DNA integrity 55–200 mcg Both partners
Vitamin E Endometrial health; sperm DNA protection 200–400 IU Both partners
Inositol (Myo-inositol) PCOS management; insulin sensitivity; ovulation 2,000–4,000 mg Women (especially PCOS)

1. L-Arginine

L-arginine is an amino acid that plays a key role in healthy blood flow. Once your body absorbs it, it gets converted into nitric oxide, which helps widen your blood vessels and improve circulation. You'll find it naturally in red meat, poultry, fish, and dairy, though it's also available in supplement form. 

Early research suggests L-arginine may benefit some women undergoing assisted reproductive technologies — particularly in couples with male-factor infertility — though a small randomised controlled trial (n=120) did not show a significant pregnancy-rate effect in the overall study group.3 That's because nitric oxide4 plays an important role in keeping your female reproductive system healthy. The thinking is that increased blood flow to your uterus and reproductive organs can help improve your egg quality and support a thicker uterine lining — both essential for a healthy pregnancy. 

Because of its blood-flow benefits, L-arginine is also commonly used to manage erectile dysfunction.5 While ED isn't directly linked to infertility, it can make regular intercourse more difficult. Taking L-arginine alongside your other ED treatments can help you work through these challenges while you're trying to conceive. 

There's another benefit worth knowing about: L-arginine can help women manage high blood pressure during pregnancy. This is more common than you might expect, with 8 to 16% of women6 experiencing it during this time. 

2. Folic Acid

You've probably heard of folic acid — and for good reason. Also known as folate, this form of vitamin B9 is one of the most important vitamins for pregnancy, helping the fetus grow normally in the womb. If you're running low on it, you may also notice fatigue and weakness. 

Taking folic acid during pregnancy can help prevent congenital disabilities — most notably neural tube defects,7 which affect the brain and spine. That's why many experts recommend starting folic acid before pregnancy, so your levels are already where they need to be. While folic acid won't necessarily help you conceive, it does prepare your body for a healthy, successful pregnancy. 

3. Vitamin B6

Vitamin B6 is one of those vitamins that works quietly behind the scenes — supporting healthy neurological function and keeping your immune system strong. You'll find it in foods like fish, poultry, bananas, and potatoes, and most multivitamin supplements include it. 

Here's why it matters for your fertility: some early research has explored a possible role for vitamin B6 in supporting progesterone production,8 a hormone that's essential for a healthy menstrual cycle and pregnancy, though direct evidence in fertility-aged women is limited. Adequate progesterone supports a healthy luteal phase — that's your window after ovulation and before menstruation. It also supports a thicker uterine lining, which helps a fertilized egg implant and grow safely. 

Vitamin B6 also plays a role once you're pregnant. Evidence suggests it helps with the development of the brain9 and central nervous system during those crucial months in utero. 

Some preliminary research explores the relationship between vitamin B6 and sperm quality, though evidence is mixed and high doses may be counterproductive. Human studies are still needed before you can count on direct effects on sperm parameters.10 

4. Vitamin B-12

Vitamin B-12 is a real workhorse when it comes to healthy cell and DNA development. You'll find it in fish and poultry, among other foods. It's critical for red blood cell production, and not getting enough could lead to cardiovascular issues over time. 

Vitamin B-12 deficiency is uncommon in people who regularly eat animal products but is significantly more common in vegetarians (around 1 in 4) and vegans (up to 1 in 2), as well as in older adults and people with certain digestive conditions. This is worth paying attention to, because a deficiency can lead to a temporary inability to conceive. And if you do conceive while levels are low, it could increase your chances of miscarriage.11

On a more encouraging note, if you're using assisted reproductive technologies, research suggests that women with higher combined folate and B-12 levels may have improved live-birth outcomes.12 For men, research links B-12 supplementation to improved sperm count and quantity in your samples.13

5. Vitamin D3

Vitamin D3 is best known for supporting healthy bones, but its benefits go further than that. Your body can actually produce D3 when you're out in the sun — pretty remarkable, right? The challenge is that very few foods contain it naturally, so if you live somewhere that doesn't get a lot of sunshine, a supplement is often the way to go. 

For women, research associates low vitamin D levels with difficulty conceiving14 naturally, though your overall dietary quality may partly explain some of this effect rather than vitamin D alone. Being deficient can also raise your risk of complications during pregnancy and even increase the chance of preterm birth. 

For men, research suggests vitamin D may improve your sperm motility15 if you have low baseline vitamin D and idiopathic infertility — that's the sperm's ability to move through the uterus and reach the egg efficiently. Some research suggests vitamin D may modestly support your testosterone levels if your baseline vitamin D is low,16 though larger follow-up trials have not consistently replicated this effect — and testosterone is not directly tied to fertility. 

6. Vitamin E

Vitamin E is one of those nutrients you're probably already getting from everyday foods — eggs, poultry, fruit, and vegetable oils all contain it. Its main job? Acting as an antioxidant, helping protect your cells from damage. 

When it comes to female fertility, vitamin E brings several real benefits to your table. Oxidative stress can reduce your egg quality, and vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant — though direct human evidence for vitamin E specifically protecting egg quality is limited. Some early evidence suggests vitamin E may influence your hormonal balance, including progesterone,19 though robust evidence in fertility-aged women is limited. A more regular menstrual cycle — and that makes conception more likely. 

Men see real benefits from vitamin E as well. Oxidative stress can take a toll on both your sperm quality and quantity, and vitamin E helps protect your reproductive system from this oxidative damage. However, evidence quality varies and more large-scale trials are needed before you can count on the magnitude of benefit.

7. Vitamin B Complex

Think of B Complex as a bundle deal — eight water-soluble vitamins in one supplement. These vitamins support your healthy cell function and are found naturally in a variety of foods, but a B Complex tablet makes it easy for you to get them all at once. 

Some research suggests B-vitamins — particularly folate and B12 — may support more regular ovulation,21 which naturally increases your chances of conception. Regular ovulation also makes cycle tracking simpler, so you can plan intercourse with more confidence. B12, in particular, stands out for supporting ovulation and healthy pregnancies. And if you're managing PCOS, B Complex vitamins can be especially helpful, since hormonal imbalances often make it harder to conceive. 

8. Vitamin C

You probably know vitamin C as the go-to nutrient for fighting off colds — and you'd be right. Found mainly in fruits and vegetables, it's essential for keeping your immune system strong. 

Animal studies (conducted in guinea pigs) suggest a lack of vitamin C may lower fertility levels22 and make conceiving more difficult. It's important for you to note that these are animal findings and have not been replicated in human clinical trials, so their direct applicability to your fertility remains uncertain. 

For men, vitamin C can be particularly valuable to you. In a small open-label trial of 13 men with infertility, vitamin C supplementation was associated with improved sperm count and motility23 — though larger controlled trials are needed before you can count on this effect. 

Beyond fertility specifically, vitamin C keeps you in overall good health and helps protect your cells from oxidative stress. When your body is busy fighting off illness, you'll find conception much harder. Keeping your vitamin C levels up gives you a simple way to stay healthy as you prepare to start a family. 

9. Selenium

Selenium is a mineral you might not hear about as often, but it deserves a spot on your radar. It occurs naturally in the earth and in certain foods, and while your body only needs small amounts, getting enough is genuinely important for fertility. 

As a natural antioxidant,24 selenium helps protect your cells from oxidative stress — which is great news for both partners trying to conceive, since oxidative damage can affect the health of both sperm and eggs. 

Research — including animal studies — suggests selenium plays an important role in the development of follicles25 — the small fluid-filled sacs in the ovaries where your eggs develop. During a healthy menstrual cycle, follicles secrete estrogen to help the uterus prepare for pregnancy, and one follicle will release an egg during ovulation. 

10. Iron

Iron is one of those nutrients your body can't do without — even though you only need small amounts. It helps produce hemoglobin and myoglobin,26 which deliver oxygen throughout your body. If you're not getting enough, you might notice you feel tired more often or deal with dizzy spells. 

When it comes to fertility, research directly links iron to ovulatory infertility27 in women. There are a few reasons this matters: without enough iron, your reproductive system may not get sufficient oxygen to function well. It's worth getting your iron levels tested before supplementing, as too much iron can be harmful and routine supplementation isn't recommended for everyone. Iron also supports hormone production — so a deficiency could throw off your hormonal balance and lead to an irregular menstrual cycle. 

 

Section Summary: Ten key fertility nutrients include folic acid, CoQ10, vitamin D, B12, omega-3s, zinc, iron, selenium, vitamin E, and inositol. Each supports different aspects of reproductive health, from egg and sperm quality to hormone regulation and ovulation support.

What Vitamins Help with Male Fertility?

Section Summary: The vitamins with the strongest evidence for male fertility include vitamin E (antioxidant protection against sperm DNA damage), vitamin C (improved sperm count and motility), vitamin D (enhanced sperm motility and testosterone support), and vitamin B12 (improved sperm count and DNA integrity). These nutrients work primarily by reducing oxidative stress on sperm and supporting healthy hormone production.

If you're looking at fertility from the male side, there are several vitamins that can make a real difference. These nutrients help the body produce healthy sperm in sufficient quantities and improve overall sperm quality. Here are some of the best ones to consider:

  • Vitamin E
  • Vitamin C
  • Vitamin D
  • Vitamin B-12

When you work these vitamins into your daily routine, you can genuinely enhance male fertility by improving both the quantity and quality of sperm. Pair a healthy diet with targeted supplements and you'll have the strongest foundation for successful conception.

 

Section Summary: The top vitamins for male fertility are vitamins E, C, D, and B12 — nutrients that reduce oxidative stress on sperm, support motility and count, and promote healthy testosterone production.

What Vitamins Help with Female Fertility?

Section Summary: The most important vitamins for female fertility include folic acid (supports ovulation and prevents neural tube defects), L-arginine (improves blood flow to reproductive organs and uterine lining), selenium (protects eggs from oxidative damage and supports follicular development), B-complex vitamins (promote regular ovulation and hormone balance), and iron (prevents ovulatory infertility linked to deficiency).

If you're wondering which vitamins matter most for female fertility, you're in the right place. Several key nutrients support a regular menstrual cycle and help your body prepare for a healthy pregnancy. The ones to pay closest attention to are: 

  • Folic acid
  • L-arginine
  • Selenium
  • B-Complex
  • Iron

Get enough of these essential vitamins and you'll genuinely support your reproductive health and your chances of a healthy pregnancy. When you combine targeted supplements with a well-rounded diet, you give your body the best possible nutritional foundation for fertility and overall well-being.

 

Section Summary: The most important vitamins for female fertility are folic acid, L-arginine, selenium, B-complex, and iron — nutrients that support ovulation regularity, uterine lining development, follicular health, and hormonal balance.

Important Safety Notes

Vitamin A (retinol): Preformed vitamin A (retinol) at doses above 10,000 IU per day has been associated with birth defects. If you are trying to conceive, choose prenatal supplements with beta-carotene rather than preformed retinol, and avoid high-dose vitamin A supplements.

Supplement-medication interactions: If you are undergoing IVF or taking fertility medications (such as clomiphene, gonadotropins, or letrozole), discuss all supplements with your fertility specialist before starting. Some supplements may interact with fertility drugs or affect treatment outcomes.

Frequently Asked Questions

When should I start taking prenatal vitamins before trying to conceive?

Most healthcare providers recommend starting prenatal vitamins at least one to three months before trying to conceive. Folic acid, in particular, should be taken for at least one month before conception to help prevent neural tube defects. This lead time allows nutrient levels to build up in your body so they are available from the earliest stages of embryo development.

Can I get enough fertility-supporting vitamins from food alone?

While a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains provides many essential nutrients, research suggests it's very difficult to consistently meet the recommended levels of all fertility-supporting vitamins through food alone. Supplements help fill nutritional gaps, particularly for nutrients like folic acid, vitamin D, and CoQ10 that may be difficult to obtain in sufficient quantities from diet.

Is it safe to take multiple fertility supplements at the same time?

Taking multiple fertility supplements is generally safe, and many prenatal multivitamins combine several key nutrients in a single dose. However, some vitamins can interact with medications or with each other at high doses. Always consult your healthcare provider before combining supplements, especially if you are taking prescription medications or undergoing fertility treatment.

Do men need to take fertility vitamins too?

Yes. Research indicates that several vitamins and minerals can improve sperm quality, count, and motility. Vitamins C, D, E, and B12 have all been studied for their benefits to male fertility. Since sperm development takes approximately 74 days, men should begin supplementation at least two to three months before trying to conceive for optimal results.

How long do fertility vitamins take to work?

Most fertility supplements require consistent use over two to three months before measurable effects appear. This timeline aligns with the biological cycles involved: egg maturation takes approximately 90 days, and sperm development takes roughly 74 days. Consistency and patience are important when incorporating supplements into your conception plan.

Can taking too many vitamins harm fertility?

Excessive intake of certain vitamins can be counterproductive or harmful. For example, very high doses of vitamin A (retinol) have been linked to birth defects, while excessive iron can cause gastrointestinal distress. Vitamin B6 above 10 mg/day long-term can cause peripheral nerve damage; selenium above 400 mcg/day can be toxic; and vitamin E above 400 IU/day may increase bleeding risk, especially if you take blood thinners. Always follow recommended dosages and consult your healthcare provider, especially when taking individual supplements alongside a multivitamin.

Supporting Your Fertility with FertilitySmart

Getting the right balance of vitamins and minerals is one of the most meaningful steps you can take when planning for pregnancy. The research-informed nutrients we've covered in this guide support reproductive health for both you and your partner.

FertilitySmart offers you Conceive for Men and Conceive for Women supplements formulated with the nutrients discussed in this guide. Explore our range of research-informed fertility supplements to find the one that fits your conception plan.

 

 

Medical Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and should not be construed as medical advice. Vitamins and supplements are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Always consult with your healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen, especially if you are pregnant, nursing, taking medications, or have underlying health conditions. Your healthcare provider can help you determine which supplements are appropriate for your individual needs and identify any potential interactions with medications.

 

Citations

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Related Reading

Explore these articles for more detail on specific vitamins, supplements, and preconception planning.

  • Top 10 Fertility Supplements

    A ranked comparison of the supplements discussed in this overview, helping you prioritize which to start with.

  • How Does Folic Acid Help with Fertility?

    Folic acid is the most recommended preconception vitamin — learn more about its specific benefits for your conception journey.

  • What Does CoQ10 Do for Fertility?

    Take a deeper look at how CoQ10 supports your egg and sperm quality, one of the key supplements covered here for you.

  • Vitamin E for Fertility

    An in-depth look at vitamin E's antioxidant role in supporting your reproductive health during your conception planning.

  • Magnesium and Fertility

    Magnesium is an often-overlooked mineral that research suggests plays an important role in supporting your fertility.

  • A Complete Guide to Fertility Supplements

    A comprehensive guide covering supplements for both you and your partner, with practical guidance for your conception planning.

  • L-Carnitine for Fertility

    L-carnitine supports energy metabolism in reproductive cells, making it another valuable supplement for conception.

  • Fertility Diet

    Understand how vitamins from food versus supplements work together, and how diet supports your supplementation plan.

  • Questions to Ask Your Gynecologist

    Ask your doctor which vitamins and supplements are right for your specific situation and health profile.

  • Trying to Conceive at 35+

    Your vitamin needs can change with age — understand what to consider after 35 when you're planning for conception.

 

11. Inositol (Myo-Inositol)

If you've been looking into PCOS and fertility, you've probably come across myo-inositol. It's a naturally occurring compound that plays an important role in insulin sensitivity and hormone balance. While it's not technically a vitamin, fertility supplement plans widely include it — especially for women managing polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

The research here is encouraging: inositol supplementation can support ovulation and improve insulin sensitivity in women with PCOS. Studies have shown that myo-inositol may help regulate the hormonal imbalances that affect fertility. The typical evidence-based dose ranges from 2,000 to 4,000 mg daily, often paired with d-chiro-inositol. As with any supplement, talk with your healthcare provider to find the right dose for your individual needs.

 

Transparency Notice: FertilitySmart produces and sells fertility supplements. This article is written for educational purposes. While we strive for accuracy and balance, readers should be aware of this commercial relationship when evaluating our content.

References

  1. Chavarro, Jorge E., et al. “Use of Multivitamins, Intake of B Vitamins, and Risk of Ovulatory Infertility.” Fertility and Sterility, vol. 89, no. 3, (Mar. 2008), pp. 668–676, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2366795/. 
  2. Ahmadi, Sedigheh, et al. “Antioxidant Supplements and Semen Parameters: An Evidence Based Review.” International Journal of Reproductive Biomedicine (Yazd, Iran), vol. 14, no. 12, (Dec. 2016), pp. 729–736, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5203687/. 
  3. So, Shuhei, et al. “Beneficial Effect of L-Arginine in Women Using Assisted Reproductive Technologies: A Small-Scale Randomized Controlled Trial.” Nutrition Research, vol. 82, (Oct. 2020), pp. 67–73, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2020.08.008. 
  4. József Bódis, et al. “The Role of L-Arginine-NO System in Female Reproduction: A Narrative Review.” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 23, no. 23, (28 Nov. 2022), pp. 14908–14908, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9735906/
  5. Rhim, Hye Chang, et al. “The Potential Role of Arginine Supplements on Erectile Dysfunction: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis.” The Journal of Sexual Medicine, vol. 16, no. 2, (1 Feb. 2019), pp. 223–234, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30770070/.
  6. “Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) during Pregnancy.” Yale Medicine, www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/hypertension-high-blood-pressure-during-pregnancy. 
  7. Butterworth, C. E., and Adrianne Bendich. “Folic Acid and the Prevention of Birth Defects.” Annual Review of Nutrition, vol. 16, no. (1, July 1996), pp. 73–97, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.16.070196.000445. 
  8. Abraham, G. E. “Nutritional Factors in the Etiology of the Premenstrual Tension Syndromes.” The Journal of Reproductive Medicine, vol. 28, no. 7, (1983 July), pp. 446–464, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6684167/. 
  9. Gerster, H. “Die Bedeutung von Vitamin B6 Für Die Entwicklung Des Säuglings.” Zeitschrift Für Ernährungswissenschaft, vol. 35, no. 4, (Dec. 1996), pp. 309–317, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01610548. 
  10. Banihani, Saleem Ali. “A Systematic Review Evaluating the Effect of Vitamin B6 on Semen Quality.” Urology Journal, vol. 15, no. 1, (23 Jan. 2018), pp. 1–5, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29290084/
  11. Erum Afaq, et al. “Association of Plasma Folic Acid, Vitamin-B12 and Homocysteine with Recurrent Pregnancy Loss. “A Case Control Study.” Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, vol. 39, no. 5, (11 July 2023), www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10480748/.
  12. Gaskins, Audrey J, et al. “Association between Serum Folate and Vitamin B-12 and Outcomes of Assisted Reproductive Technologies.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 102, no. 4, (9 Sept. 2015), pp. 943–950, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4588741/.
  13. “Vitamin B12 and Semen Quality.” Biomolecules, vol. 7, no. 4, (9 June 2017), p. 42, https://doi.org/10.3390/biom7020042. 
  14. L. Fung, June, et al. “Association of Vitamin D Intake and Serum Levels with Fertility: Results from the Lifestyle and Fertility Study.” Fertility and Sterility, American Society for Reproductive Medicine, (16 June 2017), www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(17)30420-X/fulltext. 
  15. Alzoubi, A. “Normalization of Serum Vitamin D Improves Semen Motility Parameters in Patients with Idiopathic Male Infertility.” Acta Endocrinologica (Bucharest), vol. 13, no. 2, 2017, pp. 180–187, https://doi.org/10.4183/aeb.2017.180. 
  16. Pilz, S, et al. “Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Testosterone Levels in Men.” Hormone and Metabolic Research = Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et Metabolisme, vol. 43, no. 3, (2011), pp. 223–5, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21154195. 
  17. Zaha, Ioana, et al. “The Role of Oxidative Stress in Infertility.” Journal of Personalized Medicine, vol. 13, no. 8, (1 Aug. 2023), p. 1264, www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/13/8/1264. 
  18. Stepan Feduniw, et al. “The Effect of Vitamin E Supplementation in Postmenopausal Women—a Systematic Review.” Nutrients, vol. 15, no. 1, (29 Dec. 2022), pp. 160–160, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9824658/.
  19. Tefagh, Ghazale, et al. “Effect of Vitamin E Supplementation on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Inflammatory and Oxidative Markers and Hormonal Functions in PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome): A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis.” Scientific Reports, vol. 12, (6 Apr. 2022), p. 5770, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8985066/. 
  20. Sabetian, Soudabeh, et al. “The Effect of Oral Vitamin E on Semen Parameters and IVF Outcome: A Double-Blinded Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.” BioMed Research International, vol. 2021, (11 Oct. 2021), pp. 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5588275. 
  21. Thornburgh, Sarah, and Audrey J. Gaskins. “B Vitamins, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, and Fertility.” Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity, vol. 29, no. 6, 1 (Dec. 2022), pp. 554–559, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36165609/.
  22. Coker, Sharna J., et al. “Effects of Low Vitamin C Intake on Fertility Parameters and Pregnancy Outcomes in Guinea Pigs.” Nutrients, vol. 15, no. 19, (1 Jan. 2023), p. 4107, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37836389/. 
  23. Akmal, Mohammed, et al. “Improvement in Human Semen Quality after Oral Supplementation of Vitamin C.” Journal of Medicinal Food, vol. 9, no. 3, (2006), pp. 440–442, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17004914/. 
  24. “Selenium.” The Nutrition Source, 25 Mar. 2020, nutritionsource.hsph.harvard.edu/selenium/. 
  25. Dahlen, Carl R., et al. “Selenium Supplementation and Pregnancy Outcomes.” Frontiers in Nutrition, vol. 9, (31 Oct. 2022), https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1011850. 
  26. National Institutes Of Health. “Office of Dietary Supplements - Iron.” Nih.gov, (2023), ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-Consumer/. 
  27. Chavarro, Jorge E, et al. “Iron Intake and Risk of Ovulatory Infertility.” Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 108, no. 5, (2006), pp. 1145–52, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17077236.
Marina Carter, Fertility Health Writer at FertilitySmart

Marina Carter

Fertility Health Writer at FertilitySmart

Marina Carter is a specialist health writer with nearly a decade of experience in reproductive health, fertility nutrition, and evidence-based conception support. She has authored over 30 in-depth articles for FertilitySmart, translating peer-reviewed research into clear, practical guidance for individuals and couples on their fertility journey. Read full bio →

!